Ukusekelwa Kwaphansi Ngokhonkolo Ofuthiwe

Uhlobo olusha lukakhonkolo olufuthwayo olusebenzisa ama-aggregate anohlamvu oluqinile nosimende onezithasiselo ezikhethekile zokusheshisa ukuqina kukakhonkolo selwenziwe eYurophu.

Eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-shotcrete" ithole ukusetshenziswa okwandayo njengendlela yokwesekwa komhlabathi wokumba ngaphansi komhlaba eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.

Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba kuye kwahlolwa kakhulu.Kwatholakala ukuthi ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sezindlela ezivamile zokusekelwa komhlabathi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile ezingaphansi komhlaba kodwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi, njenge-talc schist kanye nezimo ezimanzi kakhulu, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuzisebenzisa ngempumelelo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-shotcrete njengendlela yokwesekwa komhlabathi ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule.Kuyaqhubeka usimende ofuthwe ngezinhlobo zepulasitiki zezithasiselo ezingase zandise ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwawo.Ukhonkolo ofuthiwe ohlobene ne-wire mesh usuvele uthola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi lapho kumbiwa ngaphansi komhlaba.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Shotcrete

Kube nezindlela ezimbili zokuhlanganisa i-coarse-aggregate shotcrete, okuyingxube emanzi kanye neyomile ehlanganisa ukuxutshwa kwazo zonke izingxenye zikakhonkolo namanzi kanye nokumpompa ingxube ewugqinsi ngepayipi lokudiliva iye emlonyeni, lapho kwengezwa khona umoya owengeziwe impahla ifafazwa phezu kwesihloko.Inqubo eyomile-xix ivumela ukwethulwa okulula kwama-accelerator ngokuvamile ama-admixtures ancibilikayo emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshisa inqubo ye-hydration.Ama-accelerator athuthukisiwe avumela ukhonkolo ukuthi unamathele ezindaweni zamadwala futhi uhlale ngaphansi kokugeleza kwamanzi okunzima.

Imishini yokuhlanganisa okumanzi ayikathuthukisiwe kuze kufike esigabeni lapho ingakwazi khona ukuphatha ama-aggregate amakhulu kuno-3/4 in. Lezi zinhlobo zemishini zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuqinisa ngaphansi komhlaba esikhundleni sokusekela emhlabathini ompofu.I-Amachine yalolu hlobo i-Gun-All Model H yeqiniso, esatshalaliswa yinkampani yemishini yezimayini, futhi esetshenziswa ngokuqhathaniswa ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba lapho ukhonkolo oluncane lufika cishe ku-2in.Ugqinsi futhi oluhlanganisa cishe u-1/2 in. usayizi omkhulu uyadingeka esimweni esomile uma kuqhathaniswa.

Umsebenzi Osekelayo we-Shortcrete

I-Shotcrete ingasetshenziswa njengesakhiwo noma njengokwesekwa okungekhona kwesakhiwo.Ubuthaka emadwaleni epulasitiki kanye nenhlabathi engahlangene kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo esiqinile, esinekhono ukuvimbela inhlabathi ukuthi ingaxegi futhi igeleze ekuvuleni.Lokhu kungafezwa ngokusebenzisa ama-intshi angu-4 noma ngaphezulu we-shotcrete.

Kumadwala anekhono kakhulu, ingase isetshenziselwe amalunga kanye nokuphuka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunyakaza kwamadwala amancane okubangela ukucindezela kwedwala nokwehluleka.I-shotcrete isetshenziswa ngama-intshi angu-2 ukuya kwangu-4. ugqinsi emadwaleni amaholoholo ukuze kugcwaliswe imifantu nemigodi ukuze kudaleke indawo ecishe ibe isicaba futhi kuqedwe imiphumela yenotshi, isicelo esincanyana kuphela esidingekayo ezindaweni ezibushelelezi.Kulesi simo, i-matrix kakhonkolo esondelene kakhulu isebenza njengeglu yokubamba okhiye namaweji asekela izingcezu ezinkulu zamatshe futhi ekugcineni i-arch yomhubhe.Lolu hlobo lwesicelo luvamile eSweden, lapho ukuklanywa kokusekelwa komhubhe okusekelwe ku-shotcrete kudume kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kanye nezindleko eziphansi.

I-shotcrete ingasetshenziswa futhi ngesimo seshidi elincanyana ukuvikela izindawo zamatshe asanda kumbiwa ekuhlaselweni nasekuwohlokeni komoya namanzi.Kuleli fomu, i-memebrane eguquguqukayo eqhubekayo lapho ukucindezela komkhathi kungase kusebenze njengesekelo.

Ukuqhathaniswa kweGunite neShotcrete

I-shotcrete ye-coarse-aggregate ihluka kusibhamu esixutshwe ngokufanayo nesisetshenziswa ngoba isibhamu siwukhonkolo wangempela oqukethe i-coare (efika ku-1.25 in) ekuhlanganiseni kwayo, kuyilapho i-gunite ngokuvamile iwudaka lwesihlabathi sikasimende.I-shotcrete ihluka ku-gunite ekusetshenzisweni nasekusebenzeni ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

1) Isibhamu sivame ukwenza isembozo esincanyana setshe, kodwa i-shotcrete uma isetshenziswa ngokushesha ngemva kokuqhuma izohlinzeka kokubili uphawu kanye nokwesekwa ukuze kunzinzise indawo entsha yedwala.Isibopho esiqinile se-shotcrete-rock kucatshangwa ukuthi sibangelwa isenzo sezixube ezithuthukisiwe ezithuthukiswe ngokukhethekile ezingavumeli ukhonkolo ukuthi wehle usuke endaweni yedwala umphumela wokuchama wezinhlayiya ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe ezinhlayiyeni ezingcono kakhulu kanye nomklamo wedwala. kusetshenziswe imishini yokunciphisa isisindo.

2) I-shotcrete isebenzisa isamba esikhulu (kufika ku-1.25 in) esingase sixutshwe nosimende nesihlabathi kumswakama waso wemvelo ngaphandle kokumisa okubizayo okuvame ukudingeka nge-gunite.Ingasetshenziswa futhi kugqinsi olungafika kumayintshi angu-6 endaweni eyodwa, kuyilapho i-gunite ikhawulelwe ekushunyeni okungengaphezu kweyintshi elingu-1.Ngakho-ke i-shotcrete iba ukusekelwa okuqinile kanye nokuqiniswa kwendawo evulekile evulekile.

3) Izixube ezisheshisayo ezisetshenziswa ekudubuleni ziyisiza ekuzuzeni isibopho nedwala, nakuba i-shotcrete ingase ibe buthaka kunokhonkolo ovamile wezilinganiso ezifanayo zokuxutshwa kodwa nge-accelerator encane.Ayingeni manzi futhi ibonakala ngamandla okuqala aphezulu (cishe ama-psi angu-200 ehoreni elilodwa), ngenxa hhayi nje kuphela kwezingxube kodwa futhi nezinga lokuminyana elitholwe kusukela kusivinini somthelela we-250-500ft.ngesekhondi.kanye nesilinganiso esiphansi samanzi/usimende (cishe u-0.35).I-Shotcrete, enezithasiselo ezikhethekile, ingaguqula idwala lamandla amancane libe elizinzile, futhi elibuthakathaka emadwaleni epulasitiki afuthwe ngalo lingahlala lizinzile ngokusekelwa ngamasentimitha ambalwa kuphela we-shotcrete.Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinwabuzelayo, i-shotcrete ingakwazi ukusekela ukuguquguquka okukhulu phakathi nezinyanga noma iminyaka ngaphandle kokwehluleka ngokuqhekeka.